# Photosynthesis

**In this chapter, you will learn to:**

* Explain how photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates.
* Describe how the structure of chloroplasts supports their function.
* Explain the roles of chloroplast pigments and interpret absorption and action spectra.
* Use chromatography to separate chloroplast pigments and calculate their Rf values.
* Describe the reactions occurring during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis, including both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
* Outline the processes involved in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.
* Identify the main factors that limit photosynthesis and interpret graphs showing their effects on photosynthetic rate.
* Design and conduct experiments using aquatic plants to investigate how limiting factors affect photosynthesis.
* Investigate the impact of light intensity and wavelength on chloroplast suspensions using a redox indicator.

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